We use the term petroleum products after crude oil is refined in a factory. Major products petroleum products are usually grouped into three categories. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss saudi arabia 0. Primary crude oil cuts in a typical refinery include gases, lightheavy. Lecture 3 crude oil desalting crude oil often contains water, inorganic salts, suspended solids, and watersoluble trace metals. This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into. Refining begins with the separation of crude oil into different fractions by distillation. Life cycle inventories of oil refinery processing and products. The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products, but as the worlds reserves of light and medium oil are depleted, oil refineries are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen, and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required. Characterization of crude oils and petroleum fractions.
Petroleum refining process petroleum refinery equipment for. As a first step in the refining process, to reduce corrosion, plugging, and fouling of equipment and to prevent poisoning the catalysts in processing units, these. Petroleum refining begins with the distillation, or fractionation, of crude oils into separate hydrocarbon groups. These notes cover data produced on a monthly basis internet only tables, quarterly basis energy trends and annual basis the digest of united kingdom energy statistics, dukes. One of the most critical economic issues for a petroleum refiner is selecting the optimal combination of components to produce final gasoline products.
Every fraction separates as theyve totally different boiling points. Doe treating in petroleum refining is a means by which contaminants such as organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 3 3. The strategy of refining includes separating the hydrocarbons into fractions or batches utilizing a technique called fractional distillation. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries to transform crude oil into useful products. First, a typical refinery may have as many as 8 to 15 different hydrocarbon streams to consider as blend. The first oil refinery unit is crude oil desalting. The classification of crude oil is often categorized by its relative weight or viscosity and the origin of the oil ie wti or brent. A crude oil fraction which contain one or two specific hydrocarbons of high purity e. Sep 20, 20 petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes with smaller quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons including alkenes. Oil refineries are quite large industrial complexes withextensive pipelines carrying streams of fluids between large chemical thermal andcatalytic processes. Petroleum refining l 3 oil refinery petroleum free 30. Petroleum refining, conversion of crude oil into useful products, including fuel oils, gasoline petrol, asphalt, and kerosene. Crude oil at a glance refineries exist to convert crude oil into finished petroleum products.
Most of these products of distillation are further converted into more useable products by changing their physical and molecular structures through cracking, reforming and other. These substances include fuels gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, kerosene, and fuel oils, petrochemical feedstock naphtha, ethylene, ben. For example, light sweet crude oil has a specific gravity between 35 and 60 o api and a sulphur content between 0 and 0. Other oxygenates includes ethyl tertiary butyl ether etbe, tertiary amyl methyl ether tame, tertiary butyl alcohol tba, and other aliphatic alcohols and ethers intended for motor gasoline blending e. Crude oil can exist either deep down in the earths surface or deep below the ocean beds.
Crude oil and petroleum products methodology note crude oil and petroleum products scope 1. Frequently asked questions crude oilrefining process. The petroleum refining industry converts crude oil into more than 2500 refined. Oil is used to power our vehicles, to create medicines that keep us healthy, and to make the plastics, cosmetics, and other personal products that enhance our daily lives. Process flowsheets publication ifp jeanpierre wauquier on. Hence, to understand the fundamentals of petroleum refining, one must begin with crude oil. Crude oil is not very useful till it has been processed at an oil refinery. Stocks are reported as of the last day of the month. In this report, the life cycle inventory of the following oil products is described for refineries in.
Fractionation and elemental analysis of crude oils and petroleum cuts. Characteristics of petroleum products for energy use motor fuels heating fuels. Beginning with data for january 2005 total crude oil and petroleum products stocks do not include lease stocks. The modern petroleum refinery has a series of core process units that create clean gasoline and low sulfur diesel fuel. Nearly every aspect read the fall of the house of usher pdf of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil. In processing crude oil 84% by volume of the hydrocarbons are converted into such products.
Sometimes, petroleum and crude oil are used to mean the same thing, but petroleum itself is a broad range of petroleum products including crude oil itself. Petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes with smaller quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons including alkenes. Crude has a high energy density, relatively abundant, and is easily transportable. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils. Crude oils present a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. A refinerys processing flow scheme is largely determined by the composition of the crude oil feedstock and the chosen slate of petroleum products. The fractions are further treated and processed to convert them into mixtures of more useful saleable products by various methods such as cracking, reforming, alkalization, polymerization and isomerization. Refinery stocks of crude oil and petroleum products. Refining has the function of transforming crude oil from various origins into a set of refined products in accordance with precise specifications and in quantities corresponding as closely as possible to the market requirements. Jul 01, 2012 an oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed andrefined into more useful products.
Rbob with ether, rbob with alcohol, and reformulated gtab motor gasoline blending components are discontinued as of the january 2010 reporting period. Treatment processes in petroleum refining introduction oil refinery. Methods for the calculation of hydrocarbon physical properties. Gasoline blending is much more complicated than a simple mixing of components. Appendix a overview of petroleum refining efining petroleum is the process of separating crude oil into useful hydrocarbonbased substances. The crude oil is heated in a furnace to around 400c. Each crude oil is unique and is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds. The word petroleum, derived from the latin petra and oleum, literally means rock. A crude oil fraction which contains a lot of individual hydrocarbons e. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and. History, process and products nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil.
The resultant products are directly related to the characteristics of the crude oil being processed. Once crude oil is extracted from the ground, it must be transported and refined into petroleum products that have any value. Petroleum refining crude oil production of materials. The most basic refining process separates crude oil into its various components. A fraction from crude oil can be categorized into two categories. The most common method of refining crude is the process of fractional distillation. W withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Refineries process crude oil into different petroleum products, such as gasoline, jet fuel, asphalt, and others. Petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. Petroleum engineering downstream analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and petroleum products james g.
For crude oil to be used effectively by modern industry, it has to be separated into its component parts and have impurities like sulfur removed. Petroleum refinery activities start with receipt of. Petroleum refining petroleum refining gasoline blending. Learn more about petroleum refining, including its history and the various processes used to create the different products. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. However, none of these products would exist without the. This involves heating crude oil to about 350 degrees celsius, to turn it into a mixture of gases.